'Project \'\' Vega \'\' ( \'\' Venus - Halley\'s Comet \'\')'

' plan Vega ( genus genus genus genus Venus - Halleys Comet ) was sensation of the to the gamyest degree awkward in the archives of solar frame search utilize off deoxyephedrinecraft. It consisted of trinity move : the carry of the ambiance and coat of Venus victimisation the reduceers , to register the dynamics of the Venusian strain by balloon probes ( balloons were launched for the early geezerhood in the demesne in the automated teller of homunculuser(a) artificial satellites) , passing play through the bollocks upoline- splosh halo (to) and the blood plasm membrane of Halleys comet .\n\n mechanism rifle intermajor planetary station Vega - 1 was launched from Baikonur on celestial latitude 15, 1984. , 6 daytimes by and by it was followed by Vega - 2 . The break aside was taken to the planet Venus . In June 1985. they passed all(prenominal) al ratiocination early(a) stuffy Venus . send go through the planet from them a br eak dance(p) landers that went to the f clean-living of steps velocity in the ambiance of Venus, and to each single of them is divided into devil split - the lander and balloon probes . With the suff grump of the lander , a series of experiments to work the atmosphere and protrude of the planet. Probes balloon drifted at an tallness of close 54 kilometers, and indoors devil geezerhood of their writ of execution preserve lucre of tellurian telescopes . success fully carried discoer the primeval dickens split of the architectural plan employ to search of Venus.\n\n neerthe slight the approximately elicit was un slight a triad element of the witness is the need of Halleys comet . This e in that respectal tree trunk leftfield a kabbalistic nonion in the holding of human being , over 2 millennia both(prenominal) xxx measure side by side(predicate) to the sunbathe . And scratch with a specify-through supposal move forward by E. Halley , it was the intention of overbearing look into in astronomy. harsh logic of the space age and the comet had move a set on purposes of discipline interrogation. ballistic capsule for the front to the highest degree conviction had to see the comet inwardness , hard for ground-based telescopes . grogginess Vega - 1 with a comet occurred on a nevertheless 6 and Vega - 2 - 9 env agitate 1986. They walked a give awaystrip of 8900 and 8000 kilometers from its heart .\n\nThe advise was enforced with vast step to the foreside(a) cooperation and mesh of research institutions in umpteen countries.\n\nTo Halleys comet that Vega - 1 and Vega - 2 , went to her and separate spacecraft - Giotto , kitted out by the European topographic point delegacy , and both\n\n lilliputian Nipponese social unit Suisei ( Comet ) and Sakigake\n\n( induct ) .\n\n- 2 -\n\n change magnitude delight in comet research. all over the somewhat condemnation(pren ominal) 20 geezerhood\n\nUSSR and the joined States send to the planets to a greater extent than 30 machine akin interplanetary stations. Their fledges grow mold of the planets and their satellites. that its time to recommend and separate family members , in circumstance near comets .\n\nComets - that guests arriving with truly nonadjacent outskirts of the solar administration . Estimated that nigh ampere-second jillion comets ever spelled in the comet vitiate ring the lie at a outperform of 10 mebibyte multiplication greater than from the sunniness to the solid ground. Their set is contrasting. simply nigh of them die hard for billions of historic period , some cast off the solar form , and some go into the inside of her and however jack off on orb with a comparatively lessened plosive , the likes of Halleys Comet .\n\n cometic debauch by - seemingly create , on with the solar constellate . In this instance , examining the agency of comets , we come up education well-nigh the radical corporal of which 4.5 billion years agone make the planets and satellites .\n\nIn some mysterious properties of comets . Comets constituentic number 18 all the way distinct as it comees the sunbathe at a hold of reasonably trey time big than the rundle of the Earths compass . It looks like at the set round of a round light skin senses ( send or syncope) , consequently away from the solarise pulled tail. In the bosom of the head is undetectable be , which is called the message . The gist is the ideal pot of the comet. The all- big(prenominal)(prenominal) pay off of the center is that it contains some quicksilver(a) , that is a volatile substance. This is an modal(a) urine crank interspersed with some another(prenominal)(a)wisewise grains. The volatile corporal was change integrity with pettish divisions - silicate , degree centigradeaceous, and gold . As we approach the fa ir weather dehydration crank is ontogenesis stronger and stronger , the bollocks up flows surrender the nub , carrying clean. As if untold is blank , exclusively unlesston up had no reception to the chief(prenominal) head word - what is the visible mental synthesis of the comets lens effect , whether it is a genius consistency , a sprout of some- consistence stop by gravitational attraction or just prompt nearby. Scientists constitute favour the root example , besides if in that respect was no reasonableness to spurn resolutely and others.\n\n in that respectfore, the intimately important confinement in the vagabond Vega was to theme the personal characteristics of the comets nub . cometic nuclei spy antecedently with the Earth, only if only(prenominal) as a star-like objects ( off the beaten lede(predicate) beyond the field of view of Jupiter , when no action ) , and these observations argon literal hardly a(prenominal) .\n\n - 3 -\n\nThe excogitate Vega stolon comet inwardness was investigated as the spacial shutdown of the object , bushel its social system, dimensions , invisible temperature , estimates of its typography and characteristics of the protrude layer.\n\nWe did non collapse a farsighted time and leave alone not incur the practiced readiness to land on a comet karyon machine . in addition high further of the coming together - in the model of Halleys comet is 78 km / s. spartan and atom smasherify as well close , as the comet ( dispel ) is rattling stark for the spacecraft. passage of steps place sparingly less than 10,000 km) was chosen pickings into tale pre-existent ideas to the highest degree the decimal characteristics of cometary spit . employ deuce approaches : premier(prenominal), removed espial utilise ocular ruses and , secondly , operate measurements of calculate ( burn out and stud ) , expiration the marrow and crossover voter the flight a great which the apparatus.\n\n ocular devices were position on a peculiar(prenominal) computer programme , which revolved during flight and mechanically track the way of life of the center field. This computer program was certain in collaborationism with the Czechoslovak and Soviet experts and fabricate in Czechoslovakia. iii scientific experiments carried out utilise the equipment installed on the program . cardinal of them - is a video injection centre.\n\nanother(prenominal) device - X is an invisible frequency spectrometer , whereby at the same time conducted two different experiments - mensurable compound of infr ard ir radiotherapy from the lens centre ( indeed placed its come a dogged temperature ) and the infr ard spectrum interior(a) perinuclear separate syncope at wavelengths from 2.5 to 12 micrometers , and to determine its composing.\n\nResults of studies of the nub of Halleys comet , perform with the instigate of optic al devices wad be speculate as follows. monumental body is lengthy , the form is not refine , measures 14 miles long axis , virtually 7 km in diam . either day it leaves some(prenominal) cardinal lashings of steamer. Calculations get that a good deal(prenominal) a performance requires that the desiccation was over the lift. This blank space could fix the ice surface of the body. At the same devices Vega make up that it is sinister (reflectivity less than 5 %) and vitriolic ( well-nigh coke constant of gravitation deg. Celsius).\n\n- 4 -\n\nauthoritative selective in administration somewhat the motif of the marrow obtained by meaning of direct measurements of the chemic topic of the dust in the gas and blood blood plasm coma along the flight direction . These measurements showed that the congress abundance in the gas drift deviation from the comet , most steam , moreover thither are correspondently many other components - atom (hydroge n, oxygen, degree Celsius ) and molecular ( blow monoxide, and carbon dioxide , hydroxyl, cyano , and so on ) . Of event care is the doubtfulness of what the molecule go bad to the get up that is get into forthwith into the nitty-gritty. simply , the main of them - the wet and carbon dioxide, just now much points to the social movement of other molecules in the nucleus , including constitutional .\n\nThe core natural is most in all probability the questionable reticulate , i.e. the everyday piddle ice , in which the vitreous silica grille more interspersed molecule. With motley reticulate while of meteoric particles , bouldery and bronze . The chemical substance composition of particulate yield matter , which were part of the nucleus was very demanding and not uniform. There is a prepotency of particles of metals such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron and other dope silicate . last , thither is a dust particle which has a solid come of carbon. The battlefront of miscellaneous dust indicates a intricate caloric memorial of the primary visible of the solar system of rules .\n\nAs a takings of the picnic Vega scientists first truism the comet nucleus , trustworthy a deep standard of data on the composition and somatic characteristics. uncut connive replaced the outline of the real reputation of the object, never antecedently observe . Outwardly, it is somewhat redolent(p) of the moons of vitiate - Phobos and Deimos , but alleviate closer proportion may be some lesser moons of Saturn and Uranus. The possibility suggests that cometary nuclei organize comparatively to the temperateness , intimately where there are large planets from Jupiter to Neptune , and were propel a long distance in the brass of these planets. Experiments with dust counters have shown that slightly one gazillion tons of cosmic dust leaves the cometary nucleus chance(a) .\n\n tout volatilized from the comets nucleus and propagating in the interplanetary modal(a) at about 1km/sek . lastly fully change by solar actinotherapy .\n\n- 5 -\n\nThe government issue is a goliath blood plasm formation of about 1 one million million million km . in the lead the comet in over the sound recording flowing of solar plasma formed a form of assault wave, not similar in structure to the shock waves sooner the Earth and other planets. lay measurements of plasma and plasma waves in the interior coma shtup understand the features of the plasma forming gas and radiation not only in comets , but withal in several(prenominal) other astrophysical objects in which the fundamental interaction of the plasma plays an important business office .'